2018/7/13 14:38:00
周口翻译公司:中式英语之鉴
英语倾向于多用名词,因而叙述呈静态(static);汉语倾向于多用动词,因而叙述呈动态(dynamic)。
Stative noun ------- adjective
Dynamic verb ------- adverb
英语的静态倾向,主要表现在以下几个方面:
名词化(nominalization)是英语的常见现象
名词化主要指用名词(短语)来表达属于动词(短语)所表达的信息,如用抽象名词来表达动作、行为、变化、状态等。这种名词优势往往可以使表达比较简洁,造句比较灵活,行文比较自然,也便于表达复杂的思想内容。
Eg a. The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily.
Eg b. The doctor’s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.
医生迅速到达,非常仔细地检查了病人,病人很快就康复了。
但名词化表达也会使语言抽象、难解。名词使用多了,与之相随的介词(尤其是of短语)也必然增多,与此同时,富有活力和生气的动词也就相应减少,弱化动词be的各种形式成了hard workers和hard-duty words,这使英语的静态倾向更加明显。
Eg a. The effect of overuse of nouns in writing is the placing of too much strain upon the verbs and the resultant prevention of movement of the thought.
这句充满了名词、动名词和介词短语,唯一的谓语动词是is,这个软弱的动词必须拉动一个满载名词的主语,还必须推动两个满载名词的表语,造成整个句子缺乏动态感。若将部分名词改为动词,可分担句子的负荷,化静态为动态。
过分使用名词会使文句冗长(wordy)、含糊(vague),缺乏活力(lifeless),许多英语文体学家反对滥用名词化表达法,主张多用生动活泼的动词来简化句子结构。
用名词表示施事者(agentive noun),以代替动词
英语还常用含有行为和动作意义的普通名词代替动词,大量由动词派生(如以-er或-or结尾)的名词既表示施事者、身份、职业等,又保留原来动词的意义。
a good thief=someone who thieves well / a slow walker= someone who walks slowly
汉语由动词加后缀构成的名词(如读者、教师、打字员等)用来指人,不再表示行为或动作,因而英语这类名词往往要转换为汉语动词:
1) He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great propensity for running into debt, and a partiality for the tavern.
他是个聪明人,很好相处,可是学习不用功,老是喜欢东挪西借,又喜欢上酒馆喝酒。
2) The boy is a master complicator.
那男孩可真会捣乱。
3) I used to be a bit of a fancier myself.
我过去总喜欢胡思乱想。
这类名词有时并不指人,而是用来代替动词。
Litmus paper can be used as an indicator of the presence or not of acid in a solution.
石蕊试纸可用于指示溶液中是否含有酸。
用名词代替形容词,构成标题式短语(headline phrase)
报刊标题为了节约版面,尽量略去虚词和其他次要的词,把具有刺激性的词语(stimulating words)挤压在一起,因为名词连用便成了一种“free-and-easy habit”
Cabinet Papers Leak Inquiry 调查内阁文件泄密事件
Figure Control Problem 保持身材优美的问题
Space Shuttle Flight Test Program 航天飞机试飞计划
有时,名词定语与被修饰词之间的语义关系常常不能从字面上判断出来,也不能简单地把前一个名词理解为修饰语而已,如:
China card=China as a card / China trade=trade with China
要正确理解其语义,往往还要联系其语境甚至社会文化背景知识,如:
A Soviet citizen said to Green, “The hotel clerk, with a little currency persuasion, would be able to find accommodation for you.”
一个苏联公民对格林说,“花点钱疏通一下,那个旅馆服务员就会把你安顿下来了。”
名词连用加强了英语的名词优势,但不少语言学者反对过分堆积名词(noun pileups),认为这会使语言失去活力,优势还会造成语义含混,甚至产生歧义,如:
British history teachers
a. teachers of British history 教英国历史的老师
b. British teachers of history 教历史的英国老师
一个形容词前置于几个名词,使人搞不清其确切的修饰对象;几个名词连用,也会让人分不清修饰词与被修饰词,甚至分不清词类。
Eg 1) Major vehicles expansion projects must depend on steel availability.(=Major projects for expanding the production of vehicles must depend on how much steel is available.)
扩大生产车辆的主要工程取决于能够获得的钢材数量。
2) Where retirement dissatisfaction existed advance activity programming had been insignificant.(=The people who were unhappy after retirement were those who had taken little trouble to plan their activities beforehand.)
退休后仍不满意的人是那些对退休后的活动事先没有什么计划的人。
用名词作定语,其意义和功能有时相当于形容词作定语,如:
race hatred = racial hatred 种族仇恨
然而,不能以此类推,因为有时用名词作定语与形容词作定语在意义和功能方面并不相同:
economy measure 节约措施 / economic measure 经济措施
名词优势造成介词优势,介词前置于名词或名词性词语,由于英语多用名词,必然也要多用介词,因而产生了介词优势,使英语的静态倾向更显著。
英语常用介词短语取代动词短语,以“静”代“动”:
1) With these words, she went away. (=After saying these words, she went away.)
2) Is this train for Chicago? (= Is this train going to Chicago?)
介词与名词结合,组成介词短语,成串的介词又常与弱化动词(如be, seem, look, become等)和“乏味名词”(ponderous nouns)连用:
a) In view of the fact that Mr. Jonesis not very well, I am taking the opportunity of replying on his behalf. Our company’s well-defined position is that it stands ready at all times to cooperate with your firm whenever it is called to do so. The majority of stockholders are in complete sympathy with your company’s goals and objectives in regard to the construction of a new plant.
若多用动词,少用介词短语,则可化“静”为“动”:
b) I am replying for Mr. Jones, who is ill.
Our company is always ready to cooperate. Most of our stockholders sympathize with your aim to build a new plant.
“名词+介词”的优势常见于大量的弱式短语,这类短语往往削弱或淡化原来所要表达的动词、形容词或其他词语的意义,使叙述曲折迂回,增强静态感:
arrive at a decision= decide
of an unusual character = unusual
on two separateoccasions = twice
滥用这种弱化表达法会使文章显得啰嗦、累赘、缺乏生气;许多学者主张多用平易(plain)、活泼(lively)、具体(concrete)和直截了当(direct)的词语,以减少英语的静态倾向。(ivy碎碎念:这也是《中式英语之鉴》里的主张)
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